Genesis of the Giant Huoshaoyun Non-Sulfide Zinc–Lead Deposit in Karakoram, Xinjiang: Constraints from Mineralogy and Trace Element Geochemistry

The Huoshaoyun zinc–lead deposit, a giant non-sulfide deposit in Xinjiang, is one of the most significant discoveries China and globally recent years. dominated by non-sulfides, with minor occurrences sulfides such as sphalerite, galena, pyrite. minerals include smithsonite, cerussite, anglesite, Fe-oxide. This study focuses on mineralogical characteristics sulfide ores, well trace element Mineralogical analysis reveals that smithsonite derived from oxidation primary can be classified into three types are generated during different stages supergene oxidation. formed through replacing sphalerite host limestone, directly precipitating fissures vugs. Trace indicates it rich Cd, Tl, Ge, but poor Fe Mn. ore-forming temperature, calculated using GGIMFis geothermometer, mostly within range 100~150 °C. Moreover, characteristics, S Pb isotope compositions ores similar to those Jinding Duocaima MVT lead–zinc deposits, which also located Eastern Tethyan belt. suggests orebody Zn-Pb could deposit. Study shows Mn Cd relatively enriched while Ga, attributed distinct geochemical properties elements consistent other oxidized thus indicating process this